Taylor's rule, political cycle, and Latin America-An analysis of time series in search of responsibility for monetary stabilization.

The decades before 1990 were dramatic for Latin American economies. However, from 1990 onwards, a set of policies followed by the various states in the region acheived economic stabilization with real income recovery. The attribution of this success has been disputed by politicians, economists and officials from international economic support institutions. This work will analyze the responsibility for this success in 4 economies in the region (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru). Through the combined analysis of ARDL, Markov states and structural breaks, we highlight different sources of responsibility in different periods. Additionally, detailing the states of each regime, we verify the duration of the regimes related to inflation rates and to interest rates in the region. We identify specific governments as associated with moments of economic stabilization in the region, so the hypothesis of the political cycle cannot be rejected for the set of results achieved. As policy implication, we claim that Taylor rules are endogenous to Political Budget Cycles and so stabilization plans are restricted to political tenures.

Cointegrated land use and CO2 emissions-the silent Columbian cattle revolution.

The objective of this research is to discuss the relationship between the growth of livestock and the environmental impact it generates in Colombia. For this, data were extracted from the FAO STAT for the period of 1961 to 2017. The livestock inventory has had a significant growth during the last 50 years. This has generated environmental exposure and the release of carbon, sequestered by continuous deforestation performed in the practice of extensive livestock. Recurring to vector error correction models, we observed the existence of long-term relations between CO2 emissions from dairy cattle and emissions from slaughtered cattle, deforestation, pastures, and forest development. Changes in CO2 emissions from dairy cattle tend to be anticipated by changes in CO2 emissions from the other analyzed sources, which prove how the current investment in dairy cattle results from the accumulated debates in Colombia regarding the different sources of livestock emissions.

Portuguese agriculture and the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions-can vegetables control livestock emissions?

One of the most serious externalities of agricultural activity relates to greenhouse gas emissions. This work tests this relationship for the Portuguese case by examining data compiled since 1961. Employing cointegration techniques and vector error correction models (VECMs), we conclude that the evolution of the most representative vegetables and fruits in Portuguese production are associated with higher controls on the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions. Reversely, the evolution of the output levels of livestock and the most representative animal production have significantly increased the level of CO2 (carbon dioxide) reported in Portugal. We also analyze the cycle length of the long-term relationship between agricultural activity and greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, we highlight the case of synthetic fertilizers, whose values of CO2 have quickly risen due to changes in Portuguese vegetables, fruit, and animal production levels.

Time elapsed since the last medical visit: analysis of a statistical model applied to the case of Spanish women.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims at two objectives: I) to develop a model capable of predicting the statistical distribution of the variable "time elapsed since the last medical visit"; II) to empirically test the theoretical model. METHODS: To develop the theoretical model, the author will use a demonstration that is statistical in nature. In order to test the theoretical distribution, the 2006 Encuesta Nacional de España data regarding females will be used. RESULTS: The results found show that the distribution of the time elapsed since the last medical visit follows a Poisson distribution. This conclusion was empirically validated, and additionally, a few determinants were found that increase the likelihood that Spanish women will resort to a doctor, namely, inactivity, residence in small places and being older. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the time elapsed since the last medical visit follows a Poisson distribution; thus, going to a medical appointment is still seen as a rare phenomenon for Spanish women. By comparing this data with our results, we found that a higher ratio of physicians to population, a higher time availability for each woman (especially in a labor inactivity setting) and strong personal relationships can lead to a higher medical visit rate, thus reducing the time elapsed since the last visit.

Tempo decorrido desde a última consulta: análise de um modelo estatístico aplicado ao caso das mulheres na Espanha / Time elapsed since the last medical visit: analysis of a statistical model applied to the case of Spanish women

OBJETIVO: Os objetivos deste artigo são dois: I) Desenvolver um modelo que caracterize a distribuição da variável "tempo decorrido desde a última consulta médica" e II) testar empiricamente esse modelo. MÉTODOS: Para desenvolver o modelo teórico, recorrerá a uma demonstração de natureza estatística. Para testar o modelo teórico serão usados os dados da "Encuesta Nacional de Espana" de 2006, referentes ao gênero feminino. RESULTADOS: Os resultados alcançados mostram que a distribuição do tempo decorrido desde a última consulta médica segue uma distribuição de Poisson. Empiricamente, foi validada essa conclusão e adicionalmente verificou-se que algumas condicionantes aumentam a probabilidade de uma mulher espanhola recorrer a consulta médica, nomeadamente, a situação de inatividade, a residência em lugares de menor densidade e idade superior. CONCLUSÃO: O trabalho conclui que o tempo decorrido desde a última consulta médica, seguindo uma distribuição de Poisson, revela implicitamente que a ida a uma consulta é ainda encarada como um fenômeno raro para as mulheres na Espanha. Cruzando esta evidência com os resultados, salienta-se que maior razão de clínicos por população, maior disponibilidade temporal de cada mulher (sobretudo em situações de inatividade laboral) e maior conhecimento pessoal poderão levar a maior uso das consultas médicas, diminuindo, assim, o tempo decorrido desde a última consulta.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims at two objectives: I) to develop a model capable of predicting the statistical distribution of the variable "time elapsed since the last medical visit"; II) to empirically test the theoretical model. METHODS: To develop the theoretical model, the author will use a demonstration that is statistical in nature. In order to test the theoretical distribution, the 2006 Encuesta Nacional de España data regarding females will be used. RESULTS: The results found show that the distribution of the time elapsed since the last medical visit follows a Poisson distribution. This conclusion was empirically validated, and additionally, a few determinants were found that increase the likelihood that Spanish women will resort to a doctor, namely, inactivity, residence in small places and being older. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the time elapsed since the last medical visit follows a Poisson distribution; thus, going to a medical appointment is still seen as a rare phenomenon for Spanish women. By comparing this data with our results, we found that a higher ratio of physicians to population, a higher time availability for each woman (especially in a labor inactivity setting) and strong personal relationships can lead to a higher medical visit rate, thus reducing the time elapsed since the last visit.